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Message of the Prophets

This is an academic textbook about major and minor prophets authored throughout written Scripture. It is a comprehensive survey of each prophet in the Old Testament that provides a topical view from both pre-exilic and post-exilic periods. Structurally, the textbook approaches the biblical text from a conventional Christian perspective, but it does provoke questions and introduce comparative thoughts surrounding prophecy, eschatology, and justice issues that often arise as a matter of interpretation. The book is replete with suitable photographs, maps, highlights, tables, inset messages, written assignments, verbal assignments, and more.

The beginning of the textbook is introductory in terms of the genres found among the prophets. Namely, apocalyptic, poetic, and narrative literature across various authors are introduced among the historical, prophetic, and eschatological events that occurred over the many centuries across time.

The breakdown of the book spans all books in three major sections. First, concerning the big picture of the prophets and prophecies as they spoke and wrote from the word of YHWH. A historical overview throughout the Prophetic Era is presented to set an introductory backdrop for the further detailed reading ahead. To canvas the numerous prophets, their method of delivery by genre read chronological and as anthologies.

There isn’t any one specific event, nation, territory, or people group that the prophets engaged. Yet, the messages of the prophets surround Israel, Judah, and its surrounding nations in context to their covenant relationships with YHWH. As such, the messaging is both theologically and eschatologically relevant both then and now. Each prophet appears to have one or more themes or a designated purpose that reinforces the meaning and reason for their position in Scripture. While prophetic pronouncements can overlap from different perspectives among the major and minor prophets, there is no undue redundancy.

The second section concerns the Major Prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel. The textbook provides a section-by-section breakdown of each chapter, book by book. The third major section entitled “The Book of the Twelve” takes the same approach among all sections, book by book. Every minor prophet is covered including Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Zechariah, Haggai, and Malachi.

The density of subject matter within this text is significant. So it serves as a lifetime handbook to draw upon as a companion to exegetical or topical studies that involve the prophets in some way.


Voice of the Nevi’im

Introduction to the Prophets

The Age of Prophecy: Approximately 900 – 400 BCE

Samuel (150 years before 900 BC) is considered the first prophet. Credited with starting the various schools of the prophets.

The prophetic voice fell silent with Malachi at about 400 BC.

There are both writing prophets and non-writing prophets and prophetesses. The writing prophets are those who are read within Scripture.

There are three parts to the Hebrew Bible:

1.) The Law, Books of Moses, Pentateuch (Torah)

Means more instruction rather than law. Includes Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

2.) The Prophets (Nevi’im)

a.) The former or early prophets: Joshua, Judges, 1&2 Samuel, 1&2 Kings
b.) The latter prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, The Scroll of the Twelve (Amos, Hosea, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi)

3.) The Writings (Ketuvim)

a.) Psalms, Job, Proverbs
b.) Ruth, Song of Songs (Song of Solomon), Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther
c.) Daniel*, Ezra-Nehemiah, 1-2 Chronicles

* Daniel was unique as a prophet in that he did not experience a call (compared to the Nevi’im).

The Jewish or Hebrew Bible is referred to as the Tanakh.

T – Torah
a
N – Nevi’im
a
K – Ketuvim
h

Protestant Old Testament

PentateuchHistorical BooksPoetry and WisdomProphetic Books
GenesisJoshuaJobIsaiah
ExodusJudgesPsalmsJeremiah
LeviticusRuthProverbsLamentations
Numbers1 SamuelEcclesiastesEzekiel
Deuteronomy2 SamuelSong of SolomonDaniel*
1 KingsHosea
2 KingsJoel
1 ChroniclesAmos
1 ChroniclesObadiah
EzraJonah
NehemiahMicah
EstherNahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

Definition of a Prophet

Hebrew: navi (plural nevi’im), or “one who is called” / “one who announces”

Prophets are a link between the people and God. As compared to a priest. Priests represent humanity to God whereas a Prophet represents God to humanity. See Deuteronomy 18:15-22 for details concerning initial conditions for a prophet in general as designated to assigned people.

Scriptural gives a sense of prophet functions as both deliveries of prediction and preaching. Prediction to the future generation(s) and preaching to the current generation(s). Their role was to first know and proclaim God’s will under immediate circumstances. Specifically, in a coherent fashion as understood by an appointed audience where they can respond.

Generally, the purpose of a prophet is to return people to obedience to God’s word, the Torah. Without people’s obedience, the prophet specifies punishment.

Female prophets throughout Scripture include Miriam, Deborah, Huldah, Noadiah, and non-writing (spoken) prophetesses.

Prophetic Patterns

  1. Yahweh requires exclusive worship. There is only one God.
  2. Yahweh can not be illustrated, carved, or sculpted as a likeness. To attempt a constructed likeness is to become guilty of idolatry.
  3. Yahweh demands justice. He requires care for the poor, powerless, and vulnerable.
  4. The intensity of anger among prophets was commensurate with the disobedience of people.
  5. Prophets prior to exile into Babylon emphasized doom and gloom, while subsequent prophets delivered messages of comfort, hope, and restoration.

Prophetic Illustration

  1. Isaiah: Wore loin cloth attire over his nudity to illustrate the shame, humiliation, and ruin of God’s people.
  2. Jeremiah: Wore yokes of wood and iron to symbolically express coming Babylonian oppression and enslavement.
  3. Ezekiel: Cooked meals over human dung to symbolically express the types of food God’s people will eat while in exile. Ezekiel lay bound and tied on one side for 190-days to communicate the 190 years of Israel’s exile. The 40-days on the other side show how long in years that Judah would remain in captivity.

Instructions to draw the attention of Yahweh’s people came from extreme physical illustration, demonstration, and role-play.

Prophetic Literary Forms

  1. Poetic & Narrative
  2. Written and oral poetic expression by meter and prose
  3. Parallelism categories include synonymous, antithetic, and synthetic types
  4. Simile, metaphorical, and allegorical
  5. King James Version does not present an English translation layout in poetic format or structure
  6. Later translations, or versions, including poems written in separate lines, bring into view parallelism. With para-graphical spaces between separate oracles

Prophets to the Kings after Solomon

BCEProphetsKings of Judah
(South)
Kings of Israel
(North)
N/A1. Rehoboam1. Jeroboam
900N/A2. Abijah2. Nadab
N/A3. Asa3. Baasha
N/A4. Elah
N/A5. Zimri
N/A4. Jehoshaphat6. Omri
Elijah to Israel7. Ahab (worst)
850Elisha to Israel5. Jehoram8. Ahaziah
Joel to Judah6. Ahaziah9. Joram
Jonah to Nineveh7. Queen Athaliah
800Amos to Israel8. Joash10. Jehu (ok)
Hosea to Israel11. Jehoahaz
Isaiah to Judah
(until Hezekiah)
9. Amaziah12. Jehoash
10. Uzziah (Azariah)13. Jeroboam II
750Micah to Judah
(until Hezekiah)
11. Jotham14. Zechariah
12. Ahaz15. Shallum
16. Menahem
17. Pekahiah
18. Pekah
19. Hoshea
72513. Hezekiah (best)722 BCE – Fall of Samaria
to the Assyrians
Nahum to Nineveh14. Manasseh
650Jeremiah, Zephaniah15. Amon
16. Josiah (best)
Habakkuk17. Jehoahaz
600Ezekiel, Daniel18. Jehoiakim
Obadiah to Edom19. Jehoiachin
Haggai, Zechariah20. Zedekiah
Malachi587 BCE – Fall of Jerusalem
to Babylonians
Esther, Ezra, Nehemiah